ABSTRACT
Abstract Soft-bottom macrobenthic invertebrates are sensitive to natural or anthropogenic changes in aquatic ecosystems. The distribution patterns of sublittoral macrobenthic species in Guanabara Bay were studied from 2005 to 2007. Samples were collected at ten stations during six surveys throughout the rainfall regime (dry, early and late rainy). Ten replicates were collected at each station by Gravity corer or skin diving. Van Dorn bottles (bottom water) and by Ekman sediment sampler (granulometry) provided material for abiotic data. Stations were grouped into sectors (Entrance, Intermediary and Inner) based on abiotic data and location. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and Parsimonious RDA for all years and each annual cycle showed indicator taxa with high dominance in each sector. PERMANOVA indicated a regular seasonality between the surveys for the first annual cycle (p <0.05), and an atypical pattern for the second (p> 0.05), possibly due the low rainfall observed during this period. The mosaic of soft-bottom substrates infers structural variables, and patterns of temporal distribution were basically influenced by parameters those indicating pollution and the SACW (South Atlantic Central Water) intrusion, as well as ecological attributes among species, such as: predation, competition. The Ervilia concentrica and Cypridinidae could be used as indicators for anthropic and natural impacts in the Guanabara Bay for the Entrance sector, while Cyprideis salebrosa and Cyprideis sp. for the Intermediary sector and Heleobia australis for the Inner sector.
Resumo Os invertebrados macrobentônicos são sensíveis as alterações naturais e antrópicas nos ecossistemas aquáticos. O padrão de distribuição das espécies macrobentônicas do infralitoral da Baía de Guanabara foram estudados de 2005 até 2007. Amostras foram coletadas em dez estações durante seis campanhas em todo o regime pluviométrico (seco, pré e pós chuvoso). Dez réplicas foram coletadas em cada estação por meio do amostrador Gravity corer ou por mergulho livre. Os dados abióticos foram coletados por meio de garrafa oceanográfica do tipo van Dorn (água de fundo) e por busca fundo do tipo Ekman (granulometria). As estações foram agrupadas em setores (Entrada, Intermediária e Interna) baseada nos dados abióticos e localização. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) e RDA Parcimoniosa para todos os anos e em cada ano evidenciou taxa indicadores como elevada dominância em cada setor. A PERMANOVA indicou sazonalidade regular entre as campanhas para o primeiro ciclo anual (p<0.05), padrão atípico para o segundo ano (p> 0.05), possivelmente por causa da baixa pluviosidade observada durante esse período. O mosaico do substrato não consolidado infere que as variáveis estruturais, e os padrões de distribuição temporal foram basicamente influenciadas por parâmetros que indicam poluição e intrusão de ACAS (Água Central do Atlântico Sul), bem como atributos ecológicos entre espécies, tais como: predação, competição, entre outros. Ervilia concentrica e Cypridinidae podem ser utilizados como indicadores de alterações naturais e antrópicos no setor da Entrada da Baía de Guanabara, enquanto Cyprideis salebrosa e Cyprideis sp. para o setor Intermediário e Heleobia australis para o setor Interno.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Bays , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring , Geologic Sediments , Crustacea , InvertebratesABSTRACT
Abstract Spatial and temporal distribution of two species of adult´s ostracods (Cyprideis sp. and Cyprideis salebrosa) were studied as a function of the rainfall patterns in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Samples were taken in ten stations, along six surveys representing three periods (Dry, Early and Late Rainy) for two years. Stations were nested in four areas (Outer, Central, EPA Guapimirim and Impacted). The bottom water (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation) were measured in each area to characterize the influence of seasonal variations by rainfall. Cyprideis sp. and Cyprideis salebrosa showed patterns distribution to seasonality/surveys (p = 0,002 and p <0,001, respectly). The spatial distribution of Cyprideis sp was significantly different areas studied (p <0.001) indicated well defined areas and distribution in along of the surveys. However, C. salebrosa showed homogeneous distribution in along of the areas within of each survey (p <0.001). Redundancy Analysis (RDA) for the two years evidenced environment preference of the Cyprideis sp. for areas with marine conditions (high influence for channel central) and C. salebrosa for brackish water (high influence of the rivers). This observation reinforces of the existence of areas created by the seasonality of pluviometric regime, a possible dispersion of the adult's ostracods and possibility the use with bioindicators.
Resumo A distribuição espacial e temporal de duas espécies de ostracodes adultos (Cyprideis sp. e Cyprideis salebrosa) foi estudada em função do padrão pluviométrico na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em dez estações ao longo de seis campanhas, representando três períodos (Seco, Pré e Pós Chuvoso) por dois anos. As estações foram agrupadas em quatro áreas (Externo, Central, EPA Guapimirim e Impactado). A água do fundo (temperatura, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio) foi medida em cada área para caracterizar a influência das variações sazonais pela chuva. Cyprideis sp. e Cyprideis salebrosa mostrou distribuição de padrões para sazonalidade/campanhas (p = 0,002 e p <0,001, respctivamente). A distribuição espacial de Cyprideis sp. foi significativamente diferente das áreas estudadas (p <0,001) indicou áreas bem definidas e distribuição ao longo das campanhas. No entanto, C. salebrosa mostrou distribuição homogênea ao longo das áreas dentro de cada campanha (p <0,001). A Análise de Redundância (RDA) para os dois anos evidenciou a preferência ambiental dos Cyprideis sp. para áreas com condições marinhas (alta influência para o canal central) e C. salebrosa para águas salobras (alta influência dos rios). Essa observação reforça a existência de áreas criadas pela sazonalidade do regime pluviométrico, uma possível dispersão dos adultos de ostracodes e a possibilidade do uso como bioindicadores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Estuaries , Bays , Brazil , Crustacea , RiversABSTRACT
Abstract Spatial and temporal distribution of two species of adult´s ostracods (Cyprideis sp. and Cyprideis salebrosa) were studied as a function of the rainfall patterns in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Samples were taken in ten stations, along six surveys representing three periods (Dry, Early and Late Rainy) for two years. Stations were nested in four areas (Outer, Central, EPA Guapimirim and Impacted). The bottom water (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation) were measured in each area to characterize the influence of seasonal variations by rainfall. Cyprideis sp. and Cyprideis salebrosa showed patterns distribution to seasonality/surveys (p = 0,002 and p 0,001, respectly). The spatial distribution of Cyprideis sp was significantly different areas studied (p 0.001) indicated well defined areas and distribution in along of the surveys. However, C. salebrosa showed homogeneous distribution in along of the areas within of each survey (p 0.001). Redundancy Analysis (RDA) for the two years evidenced environment preference of the Cyprideis sp. for areas with marine conditions (high influence for channel central) and C. salebrosa for brackish water (high influence of the rivers). This observation reinforces of the existence of areas created by the seasonality of pluviometric regime, a possible dispersion of the adults ostracods and possibility the use with bioindicators.
Resumo A distribuição espacial e temporal de duas espécies de ostracodes adultos (Cyprideis sp. e Cyprideis salebrosa) foi estudada em função do padrão pluviométrico na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em dez estações ao longo de seis campanhas, representando três períodos (Seco, Pré e Pós Chuvoso) por dois anos. As estações foram agrupadas em quatro áreas (Externo, Central, EPA Guapimirim e Impactado). A água do fundo (temperatura, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio) foi medida em cada área para caracterizar a influência das variações sazonais pela chuva. Cyprideis sp. e Cyprideis salebrosa mostrou distribuição de padrões para sazonalidade/campanhas (p = 0,002 e p 0,001, respctivamente). A distribuição espacial de Cyprideis sp. foi significativamente diferente das áreas estudadas (p 0,001) indicou áreas bem definidas e distribuição ao longo das campanhas. No entanto, C. salebrosa mostrou distribuição homogênea ao longo das áreas dentro de cada campanha (p 0,001). A Análise de Redundância (RDA) para os dois anos evidenciou a preferência ambiental dos Cyprideis sp. para áreas com condições marinhas (alta influência para o canal central) e C. salebrosa para águas salobras (alta influência dos rios). Essa observação reforça a existência de áreas criadas pela sazonalidade do regime pluviométrico, uma possível dispersão dos adultos de ostracodes e a possibilidade do uso como bioindicadores.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Soft-bottom macrobenthic invertebrates are sensitive to natural or anthropogenic changes in aquatic ecosystems. The distribution patterns of sublittoral macrobenthic species in Guanabara Bay were studied from 2005 to 2007. Samples were collected at ten stations during six surveys throughout the rainfall regime (dry, early and late rainy). Ten replicates were collected at each station by Gravity corer or skin diving. Van Dorn bottles (bottom water) and by Ekman sediment sampler (granulometry) provided material for abiotic data. Stations were grouped into sectors (Entrance, Intermediary and Inner) based on abiotic data and location. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and Parsimonious RDA for all years and each annual cycle showed indicator taxa with high dominance in each sector. PERMANOVA indicated a regular seasonality between the surveys for the first annual cycle (p 0.05), and an atypical pattern for the second (p> 0.05), possibly due the low rainfall observed during this period. The mosaic of soft-bottom substrates infers structural variables, and patterns of temporal distribution were basically influenced by parameters those indicating pollution and the SACW (South Atlantic Central Water) intrusion, as well as ecological attributes among species, such as: predation, competition. The Ervilia concentrica and Cypridinidae could be used as indicators for anthropic and natural impacts in the Guanabara Bay for the Entrance sector, while Cyprideis salebrosa and Cyprideis sp. for the Intermediary sector and Heleobia australis for the Inner sector.
Resumo Os invertebrados macrobentônicos são sensíveis as alterações naturais e antrópicas nos ecossistemas aquáticos. O padrão de distribuição das espécies macrobentônicas do infralitoral da Baía de Guanabara foram estudados de 2005 até 2007. Amostras foram coletadas em dez estações durante seis campanhas em todo o regime pluviométrico (seco, pré e pós chuvoso). Dez réplicas foram coletadas em cada estação por meio do amostrador Gravity corer ou por mergulho livre. Os dados abióticos foram coletados por meio de garrafa oceanográfica do tipo van Dorn (água de fundo) e por busca fundo do tipo Ekman (granulometria). As estações foram agrupadas em setores (Entrada, Intermediária e Interna) baseada nos dados abióticos e localização. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) e RDA Parcimoniosa para todos os anos e em cada ano evidenciou taxa indicadores como elevada dominância em cada setor. A PERMANOVA indicou sazonalidade regular entre as campanhas para o primeiro ciclo anual (p 0.05), padrão atípico para o segundo ano (p> 0.05), possivelmente por causa da baixa pluviosidade observada durante esse período. O mosaico do substrato não consolidado infere que as variáveis estruturais, e os padrões de distribuição temporal foram basicamente influenciadas por parâmetros que indicam poluição e intrusão de ACAS (Água Central do Atlântico Sul), bem como atributos ecológicos entre espécies, tais como: predação, competição, entre outros. Ervilia concentrica e Cypridinidae podem ser utilizados como indicadores de alterações naturais e antrópicos no setor da Entrada da Baía de Guanabara, enquanto Cyprideis salebrosa e Cyprideis sp. para o setor Intermediário e Heleobia australis para o setor Interno.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta de adultos de Chrysoperla externa alimentados com diferentes dietas. Adultos da geração F2 foram individualizados em gaiolas de PVC e alimentados com lêvedo de cerveja+mel (dieta padrão), lêvedo de cana + mel e extrato de soja + mel (1:1). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25 ? 2º C, 60 ? 10% de UR e fotofase de 12 horas. Avaliou-se, durante 60 dias, o período de pré-oviposição, oviposição diária e total, viabilidade dos ovos e índice de aproveitamento (IA). Verificou-se que a dieta composta por lêvedo de cana + mel foi semelhante à dieta padrão. Também se verificou que as dietas não interferiram sobre o período de pré-oviposição e a viabilidade dos ovos. Apenas para os insetos alimentados com extrato de soja + mel observou-se redução significativa na oviposição diária, oviposição total e índice de aproveitamento. A dieta composta por lêvedo de cana + mel foi adequada para criação de adultos de C. externa podendo ser utilizada em substituição à dieta composta por lêvedo de cerveja + mel.
This work was aimed to evaluate the response of adults of Chrysoperla externa fed different diets. Adults from F2 offspring were individualized in PVC cages and received food, formed by yeast + honey (standard diet), sugarcane yeast + honey and soy extract + honey, at 1:1. The bioassays were conducted at 25 ± 2º C, 60 ± 10% of RH and 12-hour photophase. Over a period of 60 days, evaluations were made of the period of pre-oviposition, daily and total oviposition, the viability of the eggs and the exploitation index (EI). It was verified that the diet containing sugarcane yeast + honey was similar to the standard diet. It was also verified that no diet interfered with the pre-oviposition and egg viability. Only for the insects fed soy extract + honey was there a significant reduction in the values of the daily and total oviposition and the exploitation index. Under the tested conditions and proportions, the diet formed by sugarcane yeast + honey was suitable for the rearing of C. externa adults, and can be used to replace the diet formed by yeast + honey.
Subject(s)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Insect Control/methods , Diet/methods , Honey/analysis , Insecta/growth & developmentABSTRACT
The necessary information to reproduce and keep an organism is codified in acid nucleic molecules. Deepening the knowledge about how the information is stored in these bio-sequences can lead to more efficient methods of comparing genomic sequences. In the present study, we analyzed the quantity of information contained in a DNA sequence that can be useful to identify sequences homologous to it. To reach it, we used signal processing techniques, specially spectral analysis and information theory.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid , Information Theory , Fourier Analysis , Molecular Sequence Data , Models, Genetic , Base SequenceABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that women are more emotionally expressive than men. It is unclear, however, if women are also more susceptible to the emotional modulation of behavior imposed by an affective stimulus. To investigate this issue, we devised a task in which female subjects performed six sequential trials of visual target detection following the presentation of emotional (mutilation and erotic) or neutral pictures (domestic utensils and objects) and compared the data obtained in the present study with those described in a previous study with male subjects. The experiment consisted of three blocks of 24 pictures and each block had an approximate duration of 4 min. Our sample consisted of 36 subjects (age range: 18 to 26 years) and each subject performed all blocks. Trials following the presentation of mutilation pictures (283 ms) had significantly slower reaction times than those following neutral (270 ms) pictures. None of the trials in the "pleasant block" (271 ms) was significantly different from those in the "neutral block". The increase in reaction time observed in the unpleasant block may be related in part to the activation of motivational systems leading to an avoidance behavior. The interference effect observed in this study was similar to the pattern previously described for men. Thus, although women may be more emotionally expressive, they were not more reactive to aversive stimuli than men, as measured by emotional interference in a simple reaction time task.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Adolescent , Emotions , Paintings , Visual Perception , Reaction Time , Reflex, StartleABSTRACT
We propose a framework for understanding visual perception based on a topographically organized, functionally distributed network. In this proposal the extraction of shape boundaries starts at retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields. This information, relayed through the lateral geniculate necleus, creates a neural representation of negative and positive boundaries in a set of topographically connected and organized visual areas. After boundary extraction, several processes involving contrast, brightness, texture and motion extraction take place in subsequent visual areas in different cortical modules. Following these steps of processing, filling-in processes at different levels, within each area, and in separate channels, propagate locally to transform boundary representations onto surfaces representations. These partial representations of the image propagate back and forth in the network, yielding a neural representation of the original image. We propose that completion takes places in a wide cortical circuit that heavily relies on V1, where long-range information helps determine contour responses at specific topographically organized locations. Neural representations of illusory contours would emerge in circuits involving primarily area V2. The neural representation of filling-in of a peripheral stimulus in a dynamic surround (such as in texture filling-in) would depend on circuits involving primarily cells in areas V2 and V3, and would include competitive mechanisms required for figure to ground segregation. Finally, we suggest that multiple representations of the stimulus engage competitive mechanisms that select the "most likely hypothesis". Such choice behavior would rely on winner-take-all mechanisms capable of constructing a single neural representation of perceived objects.